Ultraviolet radiation-induced interleukin 6 release in HeLa cells is mediated via membrane events in a DNA damage-independent way

Evidence exists that ultraviolet radiation (UV) affects molecular targets in the nucleus or at the cell membrane, UV-induced apoptosis was found to be mediated via DNA damage and activation of death receptors, suggesting that nuclear and membrane effects are not mutually exclusive. To determine whether participation of nuclear and membrane components is also essential for other UV responses, we studied the induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by UV, Exposing HeLa cells to UV at 4 degrees C, which inhibits activation of surface receptors, almost completely prevented IL-6 release. Enhanced repair of UV-mediated DNA damage by addition of the DNA repair enzyme photolyase did not affect UV-induced IL-6 production, suggesting that in this case membrane events predominante over nuclear effects. UV-induced IL-6 release is mediated via NF kappa B since the NF kappa B inhibitor MG132 or transfection of cells with a super-repressor form of the NF kappa B inhibitor I kappa B reduced IL-6 release. Transfection with a dominant negative mutant of the signaling protein TRAF-8 reduced IL-6 release upon exposure to W, indicating that UV-induced IL-6 release is mediated by activation of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-1. These data demonstrate that UV can exert biological effects mainly by affecting cell surface receptors and that this is independent of its ability to induce nuclear DNA damage.