CAPRAM2.3: A chemical aqueous phase radical mechanism for tropospheric chemistry

A Chemical Aqueous Phase Radical Mechanism (CAPRAM) for modelling tropospheric multiphase chemistry is described. CAPRAM contains (1) a detailed treatment of the oxidation of organic compounds with one and two carbon atoms, (2) an explicit description of S(IV)-oxidation by radicals and iron(III), as well as by peroxides and ozone, (3) the reactions of OH, NO(3), Cl(2)(-), Br(2)(-), and CO(3)(-) radicals, as well as reactions of the transition metal ions (TMI) iron, manganese and copper. A modelling study using a simple box model was performed for three different tropospheric conditions (marine, rural and urban) using CAPRAM coupled to the RADM2-mechanism (Stockwell et al., 1990) for liquid and gas phase chemistry, respectively. In the main calculations the droplets are assumed as monodispersed with a radius of 1 mu m and a liquid water content of 0.3 g m(-3). In the coupled mechanism the phase transfer of 34 substances is treated by the resistance model of Schwartz (1989). Results are presented for the concentration levels of the radicals in both phases under variation of cloud duration and droplet radius. The effects of the multiphase processes are shown in the loss fluxes of the radicals OH, NO(3) and HO(2) into the cloud droplets. From calculations under urban conditions considering gas phase chemistry only the OH maximum concentration level is found to be 5.5 . 10(6) cm(-3). In the presence of the aqueous phase (r = 1 mu m, LWC = 0.3 g m(-3)) the phase transfer constitutes the most important sink (58%) reducing the OH level to 1.0 . 10(6) cm(-3). The significance of the phase transfer during night time is more important for the NO(3) radical (90%). Its concentration level in the gas phase (1.9 . 10(9) cm(-3)) is reduced to 1.4 . 10(6) cm(-3) with liquid water present. In the case of the HO(2) radical the phase transfer from the gas phase is nearly the only sink (99.8%). The concentration levels calculated in the absence and presence of the liquid phase again differ by three orders of magnitude, 6 . 10(8) cm(-3) and 4.9 . 10(5) cm(-3), respectively. Effects of smaller duration of cloud occurrence and of droplet size variation are assessed. Furthermore, in the present study a detailed description of a radical oxidation chain for sulfur is presented. The most important reaction chain is the oxidation of (hydrogen) sulphite by OH and the subsequent conversion of SO(3)(-) to SO(5)(-) followed by the interaction with TMI (notably Fe(2+)) and chloride to produce sulphate. After 36 h of simulation ([H(2)O(2)](0) = 1 ppb; [SO(2)](0) = 10 ppb) the direct oxidation pathway from sulfur(IV) by H(2)O(2) and ozone contributes only to 8% (2.9 . 10(-10) M s(-1)) of the total loss flux of S(IV) (3.7 . 10(-9) M s(-1)).