Photopolymerization of Vinyl Ether Networks Using an Iodonium Initiator-The Role of Photosensitizers

Photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC) and UV visible spectrometry were used to investigate the photocuring kinetics of visible light initiated cationic photopolymerization of triethyleneglycol divinyl ether with a diphenyl iodonium salt and three photosensitizers, 1-chloro-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (CPTXO), acridine orange (AO), and camphorquinone (CQ). Although all photosensitizers were effective in causing photopolymerization, CPTXO and AO photo-reacted during the irradiation; whereas CQ was not significantly consumed during the time-scale of the photo-DSC experiment. This difference in photo-reactivity has not been reported previously, and indicates that the reaction of the iodonium ion with CPTXO and AO results in the formation of the photosensitizer radical cation, whereas the CQ mechanism involves the reduction of the CQ excited state to a ketyl radical by a H-donor (monomer) followed by the oxidation of the ketyl radical by the iodonium salt and thus regeneration of the CQ. For the CPTXO and AO systems, the photopolymerization rate was retarded by a radical inhibitor but the CQ system was unaffected, which confirms that different mechanisms are involved. The cure rate was found to be proportional to the concentrations of CPTXO and CQ but appeared to follow an approximately square root dependence on the AO concentration. Mechanisms to explain these differences were presented. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5474-5487, 2009