Lysine 269 is essential for cyclin D1 ubiquitylation by the SCFFbx4/αB-crystallin ligase and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation

Protein ubiquitylation is a complex enzymatic process that results in the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, through Gly-76 of ubiquitin, to an epsilon NH2 group of an internal lysine residue in a given substrate. Although E3 ligases frequently use lysines adjacent to the degron within the substrate, many substrates can be targeted to the proteasome through the polyubiquitylation of any lysine. We have assessed the role of lysine residues proximal to the cyclin D1 phosphodegron for ubiquitylation by the SCFFbx4/alpha B-crystallin ubiquitin ligase and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclin D1. The work described herein reveals a requisite role for Lys-269 (K269) for the rapid polyubiquitin-mediated degradation of cyclin D1. Mutation of Lys-269, which is proximal to the phosphodegron sequence surrounding Thr-286 in cyclin D1, not only stabilizes cyclin D1 but also triggers cyclin D1 accumulation within the nucleus, thereby promoting cell transformation. In addition, D1-K269R is resistant to genotoxic stress-induced degradation, similar to non-phosphorylatable D1-T286A, supporting the critical role for the post-translational regulation of cyclin D1 in response to DNA-damaging agents. Strikingly, although mutation of lysine 269 to arginine inhibits cyclin D1 degradation, it does not inhibit cyclin D1 ubiquitylation in vivo, showing that ubiquitylation of a specific lysine can influence substrate targeting to the 26S proteasome. Oncogene (2009) 28, 4317-4325; doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.287; published online 21 September 2009