The effect of the gradual thermal decomposition of surface oxygen species on the chemical and catalytic properties of oxidized activated carbon

The physicochemical properties, surface chemical structure and some catalytic properties of a series of carbons prepared by nitric acid oxidation of an activated carbon and subsequent heat treatment under vacuum and mild temperature conditions (423-573 K) were studied. The porous structure characteristics of the partially evacuated samples were estimated from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption data. The thermal analysis and the quantitative determination of surface functional groups by selective neutralization of bases and pH-metric titration were carried out. The dehydration of 2-methylpropan-2-ol was used as a test reaction. While gradual annealing in vacuum alters the surface only slightly, it does differentiate strongly the number and the acidic strength of the surface groups. Progressive heating under mild conditions removes mainly those surface groups that are located in macropores or on the outer surface of the carbon. According to TPD results, the decomposed surface groups are single carboxylic groups, as expected. The decomposition of single, strong carboxylic groups is accompanied by rearrangements of other carboxylic groups with the simultaneous formation of additional cyclic structures like anhydrides, lactones or lactols. Catalytic tests support our previous findings that oxidized carbons have a high dehydration activity. This activity is controlled not only by the number and the strength of acidic groups, but also by their accessibility. There exists an optimum concentration of surface acidic groups above which the activity decreases due to steric restrictions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.