Seed size and dispersal systems of early cretaceous angiosperms from Famalicao, Portugal

Seeds and fruits of Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian) angiosperms from the Famalicao locality in Portugal were analyzed to establish seed and fruit size (volume) distributions and to infer the proportion of animal-dispersed fruits. On the basis of a sample of 106 angiosperm fruit and seed taxa, the average seed size was 0.78 mm(3) (range 0.02-6.86 mm(3)), whereas the average fruit size was 2.06 mm(3) (range 0.12-8.34 mm(3)). Variation in seed size among taxa is smaller than in modern plant communities, but within-taxon variation is similar to that known for extant plants. No significant difference in the size of "fleshy" versus other fruits was observed. The proportion of fleshy fruits was 24.5%. This high figure was surprising and indicates that the significance of animal dispersal during an early stage in angiosperm evolution has been underestimated. We suggest that reptiles and multituberculates, and perhaps other mammals and birds as well, were the likely seed dispersers and that the early angiosperms from Famalicao probably were herbs or small shrubs that inhabited a semiopen coniferous woodland.