X-ray transmission in cold matter: Nonrelativistic corrections for Compton scattering

Obscuration by cold matter is frequently observed in a variety of X-ray sources. With the improved sensitivity and energy resolution of the new generation of X-ray detectors, such as those aboard ASCA, it may not always be possible to neglect electron scattering for column densities much greater than similar to 10(23) cm(-2). We derive simple, approximate, analytic expressions for a spherical geometry, which enable the transmitted flux to be corrected for nonrelativistic Compton scattering. The method allows the use of arbitrary element abundances, photoelectric absorption cross sections, and input spectra and is computationally fast, enough for use in a spectral fitting code. The approximations can be used for column densities up to similar to 5 x 10(24) cm(-2), The maximum observed energy for which the approximations are valid depends on the column density and is similar to 18.5 keV for N-H = 10(23) cm(-2) and similar to 10 keV for N-H = 5 x 10(24) cm(-2). The model provides a significantly improved description of the transmitted spectrum compared to the usual model, in which only attenuation due to the absorption opacity is considered, and scattering is neglected altogether. The latter leads to errors in the transmitted spectrum that can exceed 1 order of magnitude, especially around the Fe K edge.