Ca2+-activated anion channels and membrane depolarizations induced by blue light and cold in Arabidopsis seedlings

The activation of an anion channel in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls by blue light (BL) is believed to be a signal-transducing event leading to growth inhibition. Here we report that the open probability of this particular anion channel depends on cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+](cyt)) within the concentration range of 1 to 10 mu M, raising the possibility that BL activates the anion channel by increasing [Ca2+](cyt). Arabidopsis seedlings cytoplasmically expressing aequorin were generated to test this possibility. Aequorin luminescence did not increase during or after BL, providing evidence that Ca2+ does not play a second-messenger role in the activation of anion channels. However, cold shock simultaneously triggered a large increase in [Ca2+](cyt) and a 110-mV transient depolarization of the plasma membrane. A blocker of the anion channel, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid, blocked 61% of the cold-induced depolarization without affecting the increase in [Ca2+](cyt). These data led us to propose that cold shock opens Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane, allowing an inward, depolarizing Ca2+ current. The resulting large increase in [Ca2+](cyt) activates the anion channel, which further depolarizes the membrane. Although an increase in [Ca2+](cyt) may activate anion channels in response to cold, it appears that BL does so via a Ca2+-independent pathway.