Molecular dynamics simulations of leu-enkephalin in water and DMSO

The structure of Leu-enkephalin (L-Enk) and Met-enkephalin (M-Enk) have frequently been studied, in particular by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After more than 20 years of research, it was concluded that enkephalins have no preferred structure in aqueous solution, but that they may have in other solvents. We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of zwitterionic L-Enk in water, and zwitterionic as well as neutral L-Enk dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In water the peptide is very flexible, although there seems to be a preference for compact conformations. In DMSO, the peptide forms a clear salt bridge in the zwitterionic form, but has no preferred conformation in the neutral form. This difference in conformation may provide an explanation for measurements in DMSO in which multiple conformations were found to exist. In this paper we introduce a new formulation for a dihedral angle autocorrelation function, and apply it to study side-chain dynamics in L-Enk. We find that the side-chain dynamics of the large Tyr and Phe residues cannot be adequately sampled in 2.0-ns simulations, while this does seem to be possible for the smaller Leu side chain.