Glucose Promotes the Production of Interleukine-1β and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Mesangial Cells via Enhanced (Pro)Renin Receptor Expression

(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is present in renal glomeruli, and its expression is up-regulated in diabetes. Similarly, renal inflammation is increased in the presence of hyperglycemia. The linkage between PRR and renal inflammation is not well established. We hypothesized that glucose-induced up-regulation of PRR leads to increased production of the proinflammatory factors IL-1 beta and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Studies were conducted in rat mesangial cells (RMCs) exposed to 30 mM D-glucose for 2 wk followed by PRR small interfering RNA knockdown, IL-1 receptor blockade with IL-1 receptor antagonist or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with valsartan. The results showed that D-glucose treatment up-regulates prorenin, renin, angiotensin II, PRR, IL-1 beta ,and COX-2 mRNA and protein expression and increases phosphorylation of ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) p65 (serine 276,468 and 536), respectively. PRR small interfering RNA attenuated PRR, IL-1 beta,and COX-2 mRNA and protein expressions and significantly decreased angiotensin II production and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B p65 associated with high glucose exposure. Similarly, IL-1 receptor antagonist significantly reduced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression induced by high glucose. COX-2 inhibition reduced high-glucose-induced PRR expression. We conclude that glucose induces the up-regulation of PRR and its ligands prorenin and renin, leading to increased IL-1 beta and COX-2 production via the angiotensin II-dependent pathway. It is also possible that PRR could enhance the production of these inflammatory cytokines through direct stimulation of ERK1/2-NF-kappa B signaling cascade. (Endocrinology 150: 5557-5565, 2009)