Eddy covariance flux measurements of pollutant gases in urban Mexico City

被引:94
作者
Velasco, E. [2 ,4 ]
Pressley, S. [1 ]
Grivicke, R. [1 ]
Allwine, E. [1 ]
Coons, T. [1 ]
Foster, W. [1 ]
Jobson, B. T. [1 ]
Westberg, H. [1 ]
Ramos, R. [3 ]
Hernandez, F. [3 ]
Molina, L. T. [2 ,4 ]
Lamb, B. [1 ]
机构
[1] Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lab Atmospher Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
[2] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA USA
[3] Secretaria Medio Ambiente Gobierno Dist Fed, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
[4] Molina Ctr Energy & Environm MCE2, La Jolla, CA USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHARACTERIZING OZONE PRODUCTION; METROPOLITAN-AREA; COMPOUND FLUXES; LONG-TERM; ON-ROAD; EMISSIONS; CO2; PATTERNS; BENZENE;
D O I
10.5194/acp-9-7325-2009
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of the atmosphere/surface exchange of gases over an urban area are a direct way to improve and evaluate emissions inventories, and, in turn, to better understand urban atmospheric chemistry and the role that cities play in regional and global chemical cycles. As part of the MCMA-2003 study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using eddy covariance techniques to measure fluxes of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 from a residential district of Mexico City (Velasco et al., 2005a, b). During the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign, a second flux measurement study was conducted in a different district of Mexico City to corroborate the 2003 flux measurements, to expand the number of species measured, and to obtain additional data for evaluation of the local emissions inventory. Fluxes of CO2 and olefins were measured by the conventional EC technique using an open path CO2 sensor and a Fast Isoprene Sensor calibrated with a propylene standard. In addition, fluxes of toluene, benzene, methanol and C-2-benzenes were measured using a virtual disjunct EC method with a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer. The flux measurements were analyzed in terms of diurnal patterns and vehicular activity and were compared with the most recent gridded local emissions inventory. In both studies, the results showed that the urban surface of Mexico City is a net source of CO2 and VOCs with significant contributions from vehicular traffic. Evaporative emissions from commercial and other anthropogenic activities were significant sources of toluene and methanol. The results show that the emissions inventory is in reasonable agreement with measured olefin and CO2 fluxes, while C-2-benzenes and toluene emissions from evaporative sources are overestimated in the inventory. It appears that methanol emissions from mobile sources occur, but are not reported in the mobile emissions inventory.
引用
收藏
页码:7325 / 7342
页数:18
相关论文
共 47 条
[1]   Technical note: Water vapour concentration and flux measurements with PTR-MS [J].
Ammann, C. ;
Brunner, A. ;
Spirig, C. ;
Neftel, A. .
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2006, 6 :4643-4651
[2]   Measurements of VOCs in Mexico City (1992-2001) and evaluation of VOCs and CO in the emissions inventory [J].
Arriaga-Colina, JL ;
West, JJ ;
Sosa, G ;
Escalona, SS ;
Ordúñez, RM ;
Cervantes, ADM .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2004, 38 (16) :2523-2533
[3]  
Aubinet M, 2000, ADV ECOL RES, V30, P113, DOI 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60018-5
[4]   AN OPEN PATH, FAST RESPONSE INFRARED-ABSORPTION GAS ANALYZER FOR H2O AND CO2 [J].
AUBLE, DL ;
MEYERS, TP .
BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY, 1992, 59 (03) :243-256
[5]  
BARLETTA B, 2005, ATMOS ENVIRON, V39, P7706
[6]   Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earths atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry [J].
de Gouw, Joost ;
Warneke, Carsten .
MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS, 2007, 26 (02) :223-257
[7]   A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns [J].
Fast, J. D. ;
de Foy, B. ;
Rosas, F. Acevedo ;
Caetano, E. ;
Carmichael, G. ;
Emmons, L. ;
McKenna, D. ;
Mena, M. ;
Skamarock, W. ;
Tie, X. ;
Coulter, R. L. ;
Barnard, J. C. ;
Wiedinmyer, C. ;
Madronich, S. .
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2007, 7 (09) :2233-2257
[8]   Temporal changes in US benzene emissions inferred from atmospheric measurements [J].
Fortin, TJ ;
Howard, BJ ;
Parrish, DD ;
Goldan, PD ;
Kuster, WC ;
Atlas, EL ;
Harley, RA .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2005, 39 (06) :1403-1408
[9]  
Grimmond CSB, 1999, J APPL METEOROL, V38, P1262, DOI 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1262:APOUAD>2.0.CO
[10]  
2