Backscatter models for large-eddy simulations

Using previously established properties of nonlinear subgrid-scale interactions we derive deterministic models of backscatter for large-eddy simulations. The models provide approximately equal amounts of forward and inverse energy transfer and consequently affect only weakly the total kinetic energy of turbulence. The modeling procedures are tested on a simple case of forced isotropic turbulence with the inertial range and in turbulent channel flow. The presence of backscatter increases the physical realism of large-eddy simulations.