The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, protects against the oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage of UVA radiation

A number of biological activities have been ascribed to the major green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to explain its chemopreventive properties. Its antioxidant properties emerge as a potentially important mode of action. We have examined the effect of EGCG treatment on the damaging oxidative effects of UVA radiation in a human keratinocyte line (HaCaT). Using the ROS-sensitive probes dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), we detected a reduction in fluorescence in UVA-irradiated (100 kJ/m(2)) cells in the case of the former but not the latter probe after a 24-hr treatment with EGCG (e.g., 14%, [p < 0.05] after 10 μM EGCG). In the absence of UVA, however, both DHR and DCFH detected a pro-oxidant effect of EGCG at the highest concentration used of 50 μM. Measurements of DNA damage in UVA-exposed cells using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) also showed the protective effects of EGCG. A concentration of 10 μM EGCG decreased the level of DNA single strand breaks and alkali-labile sites to 62% of the level observed in non-EGCG, irradiated cells (p < 0.001) with a S-fold higher concentration producing little further effect. Corresponding, EGCG ablated the mutagenic effects of UVA (500 kJ/m(2)) reducing an induced hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutant frequency of (3.39 +/- 0.73) x 10(-6) to spontaneous levels (1.09 +/- 0.19) x 10(-6). Despite having an anti proliferative effect in the absence of UVA, EGCG also served to protect against the cytotoxic effects of UVA radiation. Our data demonstrate the ability of EGCG to modify endpoints directly relevant to the carcinogenic process in skin. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.