Physiologic estrogen receptor alpha signaling in non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells

Currently, a number of breast cancer cell lines exist that serve as models for both estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) positive and ER alpha negative disease. Models are also available for pre-neoplastic breast epithelial cells that do not express ER alpha; however, there are no ideal systems for studying pre-neoplastic cells that are ER alpha positive. This has been largely due to the inability to establish an estrogen growth stimulated, non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line, as most human breast epithelial cells engineered to overexpress ER alpha have been found to be growth inhibited by estrogens. We have developed independently derived clones from the non-cancerous MCF-10A human breast cell line that express ER alpha and are growth stimulated by 17-beta-estradiol (E2) in the absence of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a cytokine normally required for MCF-10A cell proliferation. This effect is blocked by the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), Tamoxifen and the selective estrogen receptor downregulator, ICI 182,780 (Faslodex, Fulvestrant). Exposure of these cells to EGF and E2 results in a growth inhibitory phenotype similar to previous reports. These data present a reconciling explanation for the previously described paradoxical effects of ER alpha overexpression, and provide a model for examining the carcinogenic effects of estrogens in non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cells.