D-amino acids as putative neurotransmitters: Focus on D-serine

被引:172
作者
Snyder, SH
Kim, PM
机构
[1] Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
[2] Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
[3] Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
[4] Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
关键词
D-serine; D-aspartate; astrocytes; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor; Bergmann glia;
D O I
10.1023/A:1007586314648
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Of the twenty amino acids in the mammalian body, only serine and aspartate occur in D-configuration as well as L-configuration in significant amount. D-serine is selectively concentrated in the brain, localized to protoplasmic astrocytes that ensheath synapses and distributed similarly to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors. D-serine has been found to function as an endogenous ligand for the "glycine" site of the NMDA receptor. Evidences for this include the greater potency of D-serine to activate this site than glycine, and D-amino acid oxidase, which degrades D-serine as well as other neutral D-amino acids, markedly attenuates NMDA neurotransmission, D-serine is also formed by serine racemase, a recently cloned enzyme that converts L-serine to D-serine. Thus, in many ways D-serine fulfills criteria for defining its functionality as a neurotransmitter and challenges the dogma relating to neurotransmission, for it is the "unnatural" isomeric form of an amino acid derived from glia rather than neurons.
引用
收藏
页码:553 / 560
页数:8
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