Transforming growth factor-β1 suppresses serum deprivation-induced death of A549 cells through differential effects on c-Jun and JNK activities

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, a pleiotropic cytokine involved in regulating growth and differentiation, can exert both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects depending on the cell type or circumstances. We observed that TGF-beta 1 blocked apoptosis resulting from serum withdrawal in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. This was associated with suppression of JNK activation that occurs concomitant with the onset of apoptosis in the absence of TGF-beta 1, suggesting that JNK plays an active role in the death process and that TGF-beta 1 exerts its protective influence by altering JNK activity. Overexpression of a dominant negative mutant form of SEK1, an upstream activator of JNK, likewise suppressed JNK activation and inhibited apoptosis. Investigation of early events following TGF-beta 1 treatment revealed an early induction and phosphorylation of c-Jun that was absent in cells subjected to serum withdrawal alone. That TGF-beta 1-induced expression of c-Jun is important for survival mas supported by the finding that overexpression of non-phosphosphorylatable dominant negative mutant c-Jun, c-Jun(S73A), attenuated the protective influence of TGF-beta 1. Our findings suggest that JNK activation is a late but essential event in serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. TGF-beta 1 prevents apoptosis, in part, through the early induction and phosphorylation of c-Jun, which in turn results in attenuated JNK activation.