Animal models of anorexia and cachexia

Background: Cachexia is a devastating syndrome of body wasting that worsens quality of life and survival for patients suffering from diseases such as cancer, chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure. Successful treatments have been elusive in humans, leaving a clear need for the development of new treatment compounds. Animal models of cachexia are able to recapitulate the clinical findings from human disease and have provided a much-needed means of testing the efficacy of prospective therapies. Objective: This review focuses on animal models of cachexia caused by cancer, chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease, including the features of these models, their implementation and commonly followed outcome measures. Conclusion: Given the dire clinical need for effective treatments of cachexia, animal models will continue to play a vital role in assessing the efficacy and safety of potential treatments prior to testing in humans. Also important in the future will be the use of animal models to assess the durability of effects from anti-cachexia treatments and their effect on prognosis of the underlying disease states.