Long-Term Humoral and Cellular Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine in High-Risk Children 18-20 Years After Neonatal Immunization

Eighty-seven high-risk individuals in Thailand who had received a complete course of recombinant HBV vaccine 18-20 y ago were investigated with regard to their immunological memory. To evaluate humoral immunity, anti-HBs antibody titers were measured. Cellular immunity was determined by ELISPOT to detect HBV-specific IFN-gamma-producing cells. Overall 83.9% of participants developed circulating anti-HBs (titer >= 1 mIU/mL) and 58.6% were seroprotected (titer >= 10 mIU/mL). As for cellular immunity, 50.6% were positive on ELISPOT. Moreover, there was no correlation between the level of anti-HBs and positive ELISPOT results. However, the majority of participants (81.8%) who were positive for IFN-gamma-producing cells were seropositive, but only 50% of seropositive participants were ELISPOT-positive. Thus, 18-20 y after immunization, it appears that a second booster dose should be considered, especially in high-risk groups.