Impact of FFC distributed generations in a DNR in the presence of renewable and load uncertainties by mixed-discrete particle swarm-based point estimation method

This study presents the uncertainty analysis of a distribution network (DNR) caused by unit power output control (UPC) distributed generations (DGs) (solar, wind) and load demand by point estimate method (PEM) based on mixed-discrete-based particle swarm optimisation (MDPSO) technique. The uncertainties are taken care by the feeder flow control (FFC) DGs which make the DNR power independent of the main grid, which means the DNR does not exchange any power with the main grid at any load level. To analyse the situation, the load flow technique is modified with introducing $PQV\delta $PQV delta and zero bus in the system. $2m + 1$2m+1 and the higher-order PEM methods are applied in this study for uncertainty analysis. The FFC and the UPC DGs are placed and sized by the MDPSO algorithm. The uncertainty analysis of the system is done based on different objective functions and test cases which are the combinations of active power loss, voltage deviation, and the DG operation cost. The proposed method is applied to the 69-bus DNR, and the results are compared with teaching learning-based meta-heuristic optimisation method. The cumulative distribution function and probability density function of the output random variable are approximate with Gram-Charlier expansion method.