Predicting slag viscosities in metallurgical systems

Slag viscosity is a major process variable for most pyrometallurgical smelting and refining process operations. While extensive measurements have been made of slag viscosities, it is not practicable to provide data on all the possible combinations of compositions and process conditions encountered in metallurgical practice. This article reviews the mathematical models that have been developed to predict slag viscosities and provides some advice on the factors to be considered in their selection and use.