β-secretase protein and activity are increased in the neocortex in Alzheimer disease

Context: Amyloid plaques, a major pathological feature of Alzheimer disease (AD), are composed of an internal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP): the 4-kd amyloid-beta protein (Abeta). The metabolic processing of APP that results in Abeta formation requires 2 enzymatic cleavage events, a gamma-secretase cleavage dependent on presenilin, and a beta-secretase cleavage by the aspartyl protease beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE). Objective: To test the hypothesis that BACE protein and activity are increased in regions of the brain that develop amyloid plaques in AD. Methods: We developed an antibody capture system to measure BACE protein level and BACE-specific beta-secretase activity in frontal, temporal, and cerebellar brain homogenates from 61 brains with AD and 33 control brains. Results: In the brains with AD, BACE activity and protein were significantly increased (P<001). Enzymatic activity increased by 63% in the temporal neocortex (P=.007) and 13% in the frontal neocortex (P=.003) in brains with AD, but not in the cerebellar cortex. Activity in the temporal neocortex increased with the duration of AD (P=.008) but did not correlate with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measures of insoluble A beta in brains with AD. Protein level was increased by 14% in the frontal cortex of brains with AD (P=.004), with a trend toward a 15% increase in BACE protein in the temporal cortex (P=.07) and no difference in the cerebellar cortex. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that BACE immunoreactivity in the brain was predominantly neuronal and was found in tangle-bearing neurons in AD. Conclusions: The BACE protein and activity levels are increased in brain regions affected by amyloid deposition and remain increased despite significant neuronal and synaptic loss in AD.