The effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on cell cycle progression involving the modulation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in PC-3 prostate cancer cells

Purpose: To investigate the effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on the growth of the androgen-independent human prostate cancer PC-3 cells, focusing on cell cycle regulation. Materials and Methods: BFA is a fungal macrocyclic lactone with an antiviral activity. PC-3 cells were cultured with various concentrations of BFA for indicated times and cell growth was monitored at each time point. Cell cycle analysis was performed to explore the mechanism of PEA-induced growth inhibition. To further investigate the cell cycle regulation, cell cycle-controlling factors, such as the retinoblastoma gene product (pRB) and its regulatory components cdk2, cdk4, and cyclin D-1, were analyzed by Western immunoblots. Results: BFA was a potent growth inhibitor at a concentration of 30 ng./ml., resulting in a >70% reduction in cell number at 3 days. Cell cycle analysis revealed a cell arrest in the G(1) to S phase transition. Western blots further showed that BFA induced dephosphorylation of pRB accompanied by down regulation of cdk2, cdk4, and cyclin D-1 expression. The extended pRB dephosphorylation in control cell lysates was also observed by the addition of BFA-treated lysates, but was prevented by the inclusion of phosphatase inhibitors in assay mixtures. Conclusion: These results suggest that BFA may be a potent cell cycle modulator, which post-translationally regulates pRB phosphorylation possibly by down-regulating cdk2, cdk4, and cyclin D-1 and/or by up-regulating a phosphatase(s) capable of dephosphorylating pRB. Thus, BFA-induced growth inhibition in PC-3 cells appears to be at least partially due to the modulation of a pRB-mediated growth pathway.