TLR9 expressed on plasma membrane acts as a negative regulator of human B cell response

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are positioned at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Unlike others, those such as TLR9, that recognize nucleic acids, are confined to the endosomal compartment and are scarce on the cell surface. Here, we present evidence for TLR9 expression on the plasma membrane of B cells. In contrast to endosomal TLR9, cell surface TLR9 does not bind CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotides. After B cell-receptor (BCR) stimulation, TLR9 was translocated into lipid rafts with the BCR, suggesting that it could serve as a co-receptor for BCR. Nevertheless, stimulation of B cells with anti-TLR9 antibodies did not modify the BCR-induced responses despite up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins. However, CpG-B activation of B cells, acting synergistically with BCR signals, was inhibited by anti-TLR9 stimulation. Induction of CD25 expression and proliferation of B cells were thus down-regulated by the engagement of cell surface TLR9. Overall, our results indicate that TLR9 expressed on the plasma membrane of B cells might be a negative regulator of endosomal TLR9, and could provide a novel control by which activation of autoreactive B cells is restrained. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.