The effect of habitual and experimental antiperspirant and deodorant product use on the armpit microbiome

被引:50
作者
Urban, Julie [1 ]
Fergus, Daniel J. [1 ]
Savage, Amy M. [2 ,3 ]
Ehlers, Megan [1 ,4 ]
Menninger, Holly L. [4 ]
Dunn, Robert R. [5 ,6 ,9 ]
Horvath, Julie E. [1 ,7 ,8 ]
机构
[1] North Carolina Museum Nat Sci, Raleigh, NC USA
[2] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
[3] Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Computat & Integrat Biol, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
[4] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[5] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Appl Ecol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[6] N Carolina State Univ, Keck Ctr Behav Biol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[7] N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham, NC USA
[8] Duke Univ, Dept Evolutionary Anthropol, Durham, NC USA
[9] Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum Denmark, Ctr Macroecol Evolut & Climate, Copenhagen, Denmark
关键词
Skin microbiome; Armpit; Axillary region; Antiperspirant; Deodorant; Skin bacteria; Microbiology; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; SKIN; BACTERIAL; COLONIZATION; INFECTION; ODOR;
D O I
10.7717/peerj.1605
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
070301 [无机化学]; 070403 [天体物理学]; 070507 [自然资源与国土空间规划学]; 090105 [作物生产系统与生态工程];
摘要
An ever expanding body of research investigates the human microbiome in general and the skin microbiome in particular. Microbiomes vary greatly from individual to individual. Understanding the factors that account for this variation, however, has proven challenging, with many studies able to account statistically for just a small proportion of the inter -individual variation in the abundance, species richness or composition of bacteria. The human armpit has long been noted to host a high biomass bacterial community, and recent studies have highlighted substantial inter-individual' variation in armpit bacteria, even relative to variation among individuals for other body habitats. One obvious potential explanation for this variation has to do with the use of personal hygiene products, particularly deodorants and antiperspirants. Here we experimentally manipulate product use to examine the abundance, species richness, and composition of bacterial communities that recolonize the armpits of people with different product use habits. In doing so, we find that when deodorant and antiperspirant use were stopped, culturable bacterial density increased and approached that found on individuals who regularly do not use any product. In addition, when antiperspirants were subsequently applied, bacterial density dramatically declined. These culture -based results are in line with sequence -based comparisons of the effects of long-term product use on bacterial species richness and composition. Sequence based analyses suggested that individuals who habitually use antiperspirant tended to have a greater richness of bacterial OTUs in their armpits than those who use deodorant. In addition, individuals who used antiperspirants or deodorants longterm, but who stopped using product for two or more days as part of this study, had armpit communities dominated by Staphylococcaceae, whereas those of individuals in our study who habitually used no products were dominated by Corynebacteriurn. Collectively these results suggest a strong effect of product use on the bacterial composition of armpits. Although stopping the use of deodorant and antiperspirant modes of action exert strikingly different effects on the richness of other bacteria living in armpit communities.
引用
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页数:20
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