A small, novel protein highly conserved in plants and animals promotes the polarized growth and division of maize leaf epidermal cells

Plant cell shapes are defined by their surrounding walls, but microtubules and F-actin both play critical roles in cell morphogenesis by guiding the deposition of wall materials in expanding cells [1-7]. Leaf epidermal cells have lobed shapes, which are thought to arise through a microtubule-dependent pattern of locally polarized growth [8-13]. We have isolated a recessive mutation, brk1, which blocks the formation of epidermal cell lobes in the maize leaf. Mutant epidermal cells expand to the same extent as wild-type cells but fail to establish polar growth sites from which lobes arise. In expanding brk1 epidermal cells, microtubule organization differs little from that in wild-type, but localized enrichments of cortical F-actin seen at the tips of emerging lobes in wild-type cells fail to form. These observations suggest a critical role for F-actin in lobe formation and together with additional effects of brk1 on the morphogenesis of stomata and hairs suggest that Brk1 promotes multiple, actin-dependent cell polarization events in the developing leaf epidermis. The Brk1 gene encodes a novel, 8 kD protein that is highly conserved in plants and animals, suggesting that BRK1-related proteins may function in actin-dependent aspects of cell polarization in a wide spectrum of eukaryotic organisms.