Molecular biology of angiotensin receptors and their role in human cardiovascular disease

The actions of angiotensin II in the cardiovascular system are transmitted by two known and possibly some unknown angiotensin receptor types. AT1 and AT2 both correspond to G-protein-coupled receptors with seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains, several N-glycosylation sites and a potential G-protein binding site. Cloning of coding regions and promoter sequences contributed to the understanding of receptor protein function and regulation. Angiotensin receptors with atypical binding properties for the known AT1- and AT2-specific ligands are expressed on human cardiac fibroblasts and in the human uterus. In several animal models, receptors with high affinity for angiotensin (1-7) have been described. AT1 stimulation is mediated by the generation of phospholipid-derived second messengers, activation of protein kinase C, the MAPkinase pathway and of immediate early genes. Recently, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tyrosine kinases have been associated with AT1- and AT2-mediated signal transduction. ATR are regulated by phosphorylation, internalization, modification of transcription rate and mRNA stability. Regulation is highly cell and organ specific and includes upregulation of ATR in some pathophysiological situations where the renin angiotensin system is activated. Whereas the function of AT1 in the cardiovascular system is relatively well established, there is little information regarding the role of AT2. Recent hypotheses suggest an antagonism between AT1 and AT2 at the signal transduction and the functional level. Transgenic animal models, particularly with targeted disruption of the AT1 and AT2 genes, suggest the contribution of both genes to blood pressure regulation. Genetic polymorphisms have been described in the AT1 and AT2 gene or neighbored regions and are used to analyze the association between gene defects and cardiovascular diseases. AT1 antagonists are now being introduced into the treatment of hypertension and potentially heart failure, and more interesting pharmacological developments are expected from the ongoing basic studies.