Two-photon-induced fluorescence

Nonresonant two-photon electronic spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules is reviewed for the period since 1979. Emphasis is placed on studies that expose patterns in the two-photon fluorescence (also ionization, optoacoustic) excitation spectra of aromatic hydrocarbons and the effect of vibrations and substitution, particularly within the framework of pseudoparity rules. A section is devoted to biological molecules and the emerging use of two-photon-induced fluorescence anisotropy. Relevant theoretical results are discussed, with emphasis on quantum chemical predictions of vibronic coupling and substituent effects on two-photon absorptivity and tensor properties of individual molecules. This chapter includes higher-order spectroscopy, and a limited number of three- and four-photon studies are discussed.