Impact of chemical composition of legume residues and initial soil pH on pH change of a soil after residue incorporation

Reports on the effect of organic matter addition on soil pH have been contradictory. This study examined the effect of applying legume residues differing in concentrations of N (4.3-45.5 mg g(-1)) and excess cations/organic anions (0.22-1.56 mmol g(-1)) on pH change of five soils differing in initial pH (3.60-5.58 in 0.01 M CaCl2) under sterile and non-sterile conditions. Addition of the legume residues at a level of 1% soil weight increased the pH of all soils by up to 2 units after incubation for 35 and 100 d under non-sterile conditions. Exceptions were the Lancelin (initial pH 5.06) and Kellerberin (pH 5.58) soils with addition of clover roots (excess cations 22 cmol/kg) for 100 d where soil pH decreased by 0.13-0.15 units as compared to the control. The amounts of alkalinity produced in soil correlated positively with concentrations of excess cations and total nitrogen of the added legume residues, and negatively with the initial pH of the soil. When soil was fumigated with chloroform during incubation, similar trends of soil pH changes and alkalinity production, due to legume residues addition, were displayed but the effects of the residue on alkalinity production in the Wodjil and Lancelin soils were much less than under non-sterile conditions. Direct shaking of soil with the residues under sterile conditions increased the amount of alkalinity in the soils with initial pH of 3.60-4.54, but not in the soils with initial pH of 5.06 and 5.58. The maximal alkalinity production was less than one third of that produced in the soil after 100 d of incubation under non-sterile conditions. The results suggest that the direction and the magnitude of pH change depend largely on the concentration of organic anions in the residues, initial soil pH and the degree of residue decomposition. The incorporation of crop residues, especially those with high concentrations of excess cations, is recommended in minimizing soil acidification in farming systems.