Induction of activating transcription factor 3 limits survival following infarct-induced heart failure in mice

Numerous fibrotic and inflammatory changes occur in the failing heart. Recent evidence indicates that certain transcription factors, such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), are activated during heart failure. Because ATF3 may be upregulated in the failing heart and affect inflammation, we focused on the potential role of ATF3 on postinfarct heart failure. We subjected anesthetized, wild-type mice to nonreperfused myocardial infarction and observed a significant induction in ATF3 expression and nuclear translocation. To test whether the induction of ATF3 affected the severity of heart failure, we subjected wild-type and ATF3-null mice to nonreperfused infarct-induced heart failure. There were no differences in cardiac function between the two genotypes, except at the 2-wk time point; however, ATF3-null mice survived the heart failure protocol at a significantly higher rate than the wild-type mice. Similar to the slight favorable improvements in chamber dimensions at 2 wk, we also observed greater cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and more fibrosis in the noninfarcted regions of the ATF3-null hearts compared with the wild-type. Nevertheless, there were no significant group differences at 4 wk. Furthermore, we found no significant differences in markers of inflammation between the wild-type and ATF3-null hearts. Our data suggest that ATF3 suppresses fibrosis early but not late during infarct-induced heart failure. Although ATF3 deficiency was associated with more fibrosis, this did not occur at the expense of survival, which was higher in the ATF3-null mice. Overall, ATF3 may serve a largely maladaptive role during heart failure.