BMP-7 fails to attenuate TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human proximal tubule epithelial cells

Background. In rodent models of chronic renal disease bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) has been shown to halt disease progression and promote recovery. Subsequent studies utilizing immortalized rodent renal cell lines showed that BMP-7 was renoprotective by antagonizing TGF-beta 1-stimulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present study sought to determine if BMP-7 prevents TGF-beta 1-induced EMT in primary (RPTEC) and immortalized (HK-2) human proximal tubule epithelial cells. Methods. EMT was determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis of e-cadherin, vimentin, CTGF and TGF-beta 1 transcript expression and immunocytochemical analysis of ZO-1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) protein expression following TGF-beta 1 treatment in RPTEC and HK-2 cells. Results. In RPTEC and HK-2 cells, TGF-beta 1 significantly reduced e-cadherin expression and significantly increased vimentin, CTGF and TGF-beta 1 expression. TGF-beta 1 also diminished ZO-1 immunoreactivity and increased alpha-SMA expression in confluent cell monolayers. Co-incubation of TGF-beta 1 with an anti-TGF-beta 1 neutralizing antibody substantially reduced the cytokine's effects, which indicated EMT in these cells was inhibitable. Co-administration of BMP-7 over a broad concentration range (0.01-100 mu g/ml) with TGF-beta 1 failed to attenuate EMT in RPTEC or HK-2 cells, as demonstrated by no inhibition of altered e-cadherin, vimentin, CTGF and TGF-beta 1 expression and no restoration of ZO-1 immunoreactivity. Furthermore, when BMP-7 was applied to proximal tubule cells alone, it also decreased e-cadherin expression and increased vimentin, CTGF and TGF-beta 1 expression. Additionally, BMP-7 failed to induce the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in NRK-49F rat renal fibroblasts. BMP-7 did however prevent TGF-beta 1-mediated e-cadherin downregulation in TCMK-1 mouse renal tubular epithelial cells. BMP-7 activity was routinely confirmed by examining BMP-7-induced phosphorylation of SMADs 1/5/8, BMP-7 regulation of BMPR-IA, BMP-7-mediated reduction of IL-6 transcript expression and BMP-7-mediated reduction of secreted IL-6 and IL-8 proteins. Conclusions. In the present study, despite confirming BMP-7 regulation of receptor expression and induction of downstream signalling events, we were unable to demonstrate BMP-7 inhibition of EMT in either primary or immortalized human proximal tubule cells. Moreover, we were unable to demonstrate BMP-7-stimulated MET in rat renal fibroblasts. A protective effect was however observed at an elevated BMP-7 concentration in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells.