On site experimental evaluation of a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle system for RO desalination

The paper presents the on site experimental evaluation of the performance of a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle system (SORC) for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. This work is a research step forward to the experimental evaluation of the SORC under laboratory conditions, where the system was tested using an electric brake as load and an electric thermal heater as heat supply. The difference is that solar collectors have been applied as heat supply and there has been a realistic investigation of the performance of the system under the conditions implied by solar energy. The thermal energy produced by the solar collectors' array evaporates the refrigerant HFC-134a in the pre-heater-evaporator surfaces of the Rankine engine. The superheated vapour is then driven to the expander, where the generated mechanical work produced from expansion drives the high-pressure pump of the RO desalination unit. The superheated vapour at the expander's outlet is directed to the condenser and condensates. Finally, the saturated liquid at the condenser outlet is pressurized by a positive displacement pump and the thermodynamic cycle is repeated. A special energy recovery system of Axial Pistons Pumps (APP) has been integrated into the RO unit to minimise the specific energy consumption. The results prove that the above concept is technically feasible and continuous operation is achieved under the intermittent availability of solar energy. However, considerably low efficiency has been observed, in comparison with the results taken under controlled thermal load. Nevertheless, it becomes apparent that further optimisation work is required to improve the system efficiency. The research work has been done within the framework of COOP-CT-2003-507997 contract, partly financed by EC. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.