Denitrification with natural gas and various new growth media

Biological denitrification was investigated in an attached growth reactor system using several growth media, denitrifying cultures and natural gas (95% methane) as a carbon source. In order to establish a baseline of operation, initial experiments were conducted with a bed of 2-3 mm sand and methanol as a carbon source using a methylotrophic denitrifying culture and then the system was compared with natural gas using various methane utilising cultures. Compared to methanol, performance with methane was considerably lower. In order to improve denitrification with methane a plastic medium (Etapak, surface area 200 m(2)/m(3)) was placed above the sand bed (which increased the surface area for bacteria growth in the upper part of the bed), and a new methanotrophic mixed culture (NCIMB-code 11085) was introduced to the system. This combination resulted in a 27% higher denitrification efficiency. Experiments were continued by systematically varying the operating conditions to obtain highest denitrification using methane gas and replacing the Etapak media with different plastic media of higher surface area, but keeping the NCIMB culture unchanged. Other media tested were Pall-rings (surface area 319 m(2)/m(3)), IF-spacers (surface area 500 m(2)/m(3)) and granular activated carbon (GAC-code: Norit PK 1-3). Best results were obtained with IF-spacers which, surprisingly, are designed for use in the concrete industry rather than as a bacterial support medium. These produced nitrate removal efficiencies of up to 93% at 0.6 m/h or 55% at 1.6 m/h water filtration rates. Run times of 10 days or more to a limiting headless of about 1.0 m, were usually achieved before "bumping" or back-washing to reduce headless. Effluent turbidities were generally below 1.0 NTU. Tests for bacteria present with GAC media and COD removal with IP spacers were also carried out. Results are discussed with operational conditions and denitrification efficiencies achieved. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.