Attitudes toward women, 1970-1995 - A meta-analysis

The social climate for women has changed considerably since the Attitudes Toward Women Scale CAWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1972a) was developed in the early 1970s, but the pattern of change in AWS scores throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s is unclear. Published reports of data from 71 samples of American undergraduates responding to the AWS were located and analyzed for differences across time (1970-1995) and region (South and non-South). Women's AWS scores were strongly correlated with year of scale administration (r =.78, p < .001), and men's scores showed a similar trend toward more liberal/ feminist attitudes (r =.60, p <.001). Scores show a steady trend toward more liberal/feminist attitudes, with no appreciable reversal or slowdown during the 1980s. Gender differences steadily increased from 1970 to 1985 and decreased from 1986 to 1995. Southern samples were marginally more conservative/traditional. The results are discussed in terms of generational differences, the effects of maternal employment on attitudes, and the individual's experience of cultural change.