Inversion of airborne time-domain electromagnetic data to a 1D structure using lateral constraints

We invert time-domain airborne electromagnetic data in such a way its to obtain a model that varies slowly along the profile. This is achieved by modifying a typical one-dimensional inversion algorithm to include lateral constraints. The lateral constraints are included as it roughness matrix that is solved simultaneously with the Jacobian matrix in an iterative eigenparameter inversion. In this case, Multiple soundings along a line are till solved simultaneously. The lateral constraints can be applied to the resistivities and the thicknesses, both separately and together. We apply these techniques in two situations where airborne geophysical data are applied to near-surface exploration. The first case is in a resistive environment where we are interested in quantifying it superficial conductive overburden. In this case, lateral constraints improve the geological image compared with those images obtained using unconstrained layered-earth inversion. In the second case, we want to map the thickness of a resistive aquifer covering a saline layer. In this case, we show how varying the weights on the lateral constraints can change the image of the thickness of the aquifer. The presence of numerous cultural artefacts makes the inversion problematic. Application of a first-difference constraint did the best job at removing culture but resulted in oversmoothing of the hydrogeology. The use of a second-difference lateral constraint gave a good rendition of the hydrogeology but did not suppress the culture its well as the first-difference constraint.