Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primer tRNA(Lys3) are strong inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and arrest viral replication in infected cells

Retroviral reverse transcriptase (RT) is involved in the selection of a specific tRNA primer which initiates proviral DNA minus-strand synthesis. Studies of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) RT and primer tRNA(Lys3) have shown that the dihydrouridine (diHU), anticodon, and pseudouridine regions of tRNA are highly protected in the RT-tRNA complex The CCA 3' end of tRNA is also in close contact with the enzyme during the cDNA initiation step. Using synthetic oligoribonucleotides corresponding to the anticodon and diHU regions, we have previously shown a low but significant inhibition of HIV-1 RT activity (37). We extend this observation and show that primer tRNA-derived oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) carrying a phosphorothioate (PS) modification are strong inhibitors of HIV-1 RT. The affinity of PS-ODNs for the enzyme was monitored by gel mobility shift electrophoresis. Experiments with HIV-l-infected human cells (MT-2 cells) were performed with the latter ODNs. A PS-ODN corresponding to the 3' end of tRNA(Lys3) (acceptor stem [AS]) was able to inhibit HIV-1 replication. No effect of the other modified ODNs was observed in infected cells. The analysis of HIV-1 RNase H activity in a cell-free system strongly suggests that the inhibitory effect of the PS-AS may be mediated via both a sense and an antisense mechanism.