Low dose systemic morphine attenuates operant escape but facilitates innate reflex responses to thermal stimulation

Effects of systemic morphine on operant escape responses of rats to thermal stimulation were compared directly with effects on innate licking and guarding responses. For these independent tests, thermal stimulation was delivered via the floor of testing chambers with or without platforms that provided an escape option. The principal findings were (1) administration of 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg morphine attenuated escape from nociceptive heat and (2) in distinct contrast, licking and guarding responses to heat were enhanced by these doses. When escape responding was calculated as time on the heated plate without licking or guarding, sensitivity to morphine was greater for 44degreesC than for 47degreesC or 50degreesC. Also, escape responses to cold (0degreesC or 10degreesC) were unaffected by 1.5 mg/kg morphine. The preferential reduction of heat nociception by morphine was demonstrated also by an operant preference task that gave the animals the option of standing on a cold (10degreesC) or a hot (45degreesC) surface. Administration of 0.5 mg/kg morphine increased occupancy of the hot surface. Platform time during operant tests was low and variable for warm stimulation (36degreesC) and was significantly increased by each level of heat, showing that platform occupancy represented escape from nociception rather than avoidance responses. A lack of significant effects of 1.5 mg/kg morphine on operant performance during cold or warm stimulation controls for effects of systemic morphine other than antinociception. (C) 2002 by the American Pain Society.