Tobacco promotion and the initiation of tobacco use: Assessing the evidence for causality

被引:182
作者
DiFranza, Joseph R.
Wellman, Robert J.
Sargent, James D.
Weitzman, Michael
Hipple, Bethany J.
Winickoff, Jonathan P.
机构
[1] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
[2] Fitchburg State Coll, Dept Behav Sci, Fitchburg, MA USA
[3] Dartmouth Med Sch, Hanover, NH USA
[4] Ctr Child Hlth Res, Rochester, NY USA
[5] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, MGH Ctr Child & Adolescent Hlth Policy, Boston, MA USA
[6] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Tobacco Res & Treatment Ctr, Boston, MA USA
关键词
advertising; tobacco advertising; tobacco; tobacco control; child; adolescent; smoking; smoking initiation;
D O I
10.1542/peds.2005-1817
中图分类号
R72 [儿科学];
学科分类号
100202 ;
摘要
OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine whether there is evidence of a causal link between exposure to tobacco promotion and the initiation of tobacco use by children. METHODS. We conducted a structured search in Medline, PsycINFO, and ABI/INFORM Global to identify relevant empirical research. The literature was examined against the Hill epidemiologic criteria for determining causality. RESULTS. (1) Children are exposed to tobacco promotion before the initiation of tobacco use; (2) exposure increases the risk for initiation; (3) there is a dose-response relationship, with greater exposure resulting in higher risk; (4) the increased risk is robust; it is observed with various study methods, in multiple populations, and with various forms of promotion and persists after controlling for other factors; (5) scientifically plausible mechanisms whereby promotion could influence initiation exist; and (6) no explanation other than causality can account for the evidence. CONCLUSIONS. Promotions foster positive attitudes, beliefs, and expectations regarding tobacco use. This fosters intentions to use and increases the likelihood of initiation. Greater exposure to promotion leads to higher risk. This is seen in diverse cultures and persists when other risk factors, such as socioeconomic status or parental and peer smoking, are controlled. Causality is the only plausible scientific explanation for the observed data. The evidence satisfies the Hill criteria, indicating that exposure to tobacco promotion causes children to initiate tobacco use.
引用
收藏
页码:E1237 / E1248
页数:12
相关论文
共 136 条
[22]  
Boddewyn J. J., 1986, TOBACCO ADVERTISING
[23]  
BODDEWYN JJ, 1994, INT J ADVERT, V13, P311
[24]   The perceived influence of cigarette advertisements and smoking susceptibility among seventh graders [J].
Borzekowski, DLG ;
Flora, JA ;
Feighery, E ;
Schooler, C .
JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION, 1999, 4 (02) :105-118
[25]  
BOTVIN GJ, 1993, PUBLIC HEALTH REP, V108, P217
[26]   Adolescent smoking and exposure to tobacco marketing under a tobacco advertising ban: Findings from 2 Norwegian national samples [J].
Braverman, MT ;
Aaro, LE .
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, 2004, 94 (07) :1230-1238
[27]  
CHARLTON A, 1984, J ROY COLL GEN PRACT, V34, P483
[28]   PREDICTING THE ONSET OF SMOKING IN BOYS AND GIRLS [J].
CHARLTON, A ;
BLAIR, V .
SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE, 1989, 29 (07) :813-818
[29]   Boys' smoking and cigarette-brand-sponsored motor racing [J].
Charlton, A ;
While, D ;
Kelly, S .
LANCET, 1997, 350 (9089) :1474-1474
[30]  
CHARLTON A, 1986, Health Educ J, V45, P75