The timetable for development of maternal tissues sets the stage for male genomic selection in Betula pendula (Betulaceae)

The influence of the sequence of maternal tissue development in Betula pendula upon the potential for male gamete selection was investigated, and the timing of the fixed abortion of one of the two ovules was determined. We used scanning electronic microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and blue light microscopy. The stigmas remain fresh throughout male anthesis, and may also last after its end, depending on ambient temperatures. The presence of germinated pollen does not induce stigmatic necrotization, and grains may arrive al different times. The pollen tube tips remain within the stigma base until the end of female anthesis. The ovules will not develop until after necrotization of the stigmas. The pollen tubes thus have a fair start to the ovules, regardless of their different arrival times and of the original positions of the pollen grains at the stigma surface. Therefore, competition among different microgametophytes is possible, in spite of low pollination intensity. Our results indicate that when the first pollen tube penetrates an ovule, this ovule starts to outgrow the other one, and even if the other is also penetrated, its vascular support soon atrophies and the megagametophyte will shrivel. Fertilization of both ovules was never seen in this study.