Prehospital administration of hydroxocobalamin for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning: 8 years of experience in the Paris Fire Brigade

Introduction. This article reports the results of a retrospective study of 8 years of experience of the Paris Fire Brigade with the prehospital use of hydroxocobalamin. Methods. The head physician at the Paris Fire Brigade extracted and summarized data from standardized forms completed at the fire scene and, when available, hospital reports to assess survival status and clinical parameters associated with the use of hydroxocobalamin for each patient who received it for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning from 1995 to 2003. Results. Of the 101 patients administered hydroxocobalamin, 30 survived, 42 died (17 at the fire scene and 25 at the intensive-care unit), and survival status was not known in the remaining 29 patients. Among the 72 patients for whom survival status was known, survival rate was 41.7% after the administration of hydroxocobalamin. Of the 38 patients found in cardiac arrest, 21 had a return of spontaneous circulation during prehospital care. Of the 12 patients who were initially hemodynamically unstable (systolic blood pressure 0 to <= 90 mmHg), 9 recovered systolic blood pressure an average of 30.6 minutes after the start of hydroxocobalamin infusion. Among nonsedated patients in the sample as a whole (n = 52), mean (SD) Glasgow coma scale score improved from 7.9 (5.4) initially to 8.5 (5.7) after administration of hydroxocobalamin. Among nonsedated patients who were initially neurologically impaired (n = 18), Glasgow coma scale score improved in 9 patients, did not change in 8 patients, and worsened in 1 patient. Two adverse events-red or pink coloration of urine or skin (n = 5) and cutaneous rash (n = 1)-were assessed as being possibly related to hydroxocobalamin. Conclusion. Hydroxocobalamin has a risk:benefit ratio rendering it suitable for prehospital use in the management of acute cyanide poisoning caused by smoke inhalation.