Inhibition of metamorphosis in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

Tadpoles of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis were exposed, beginning at stage 50, to a commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) through the diet. Subsequent experiments were conducted using a single intraperitoneal injection at stage 58 with limited quantities of two purified brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, BDE47 and BDE99 and DE-71 to determine the relative potency of these BIDE congeners within the commercial mixture. Significant inhibition of tail resorption, delayed metamorphosis and impacts on skin pigmentation were observed in Xenopus exposed to DE-71 in the diet at nominal doses of 1000 and 5000 mu g g(-1) of food. The estimated time required for 50% of the tadpoles to complete metamorphosis was significantly lengthened in Xenopus exposed to a dietary concentration of 1 mu g DE-71 per gram of food. Analysis of PBDEs (sum of 32 congeners) in Xenopus from the treatment with 5000 mu g g(-1) of DE-71 indicated that the frogs accumulated an average of 1030 mu g g(-1) (wet weight) of PBDEs. In the intraperitoneal injection trials, similar inhibitory responses were observed in Xenopus injected with DE-71 at a nominal dose of 60 mu g per tadpole, or injected with BDE47 at a nominal dose of 100 mu g per tadpole. No responses were observed in Xenopus injected with BDE99 at doses up to 100 mu g per tadpole. Complete inhibition of metamorphosis was observed only in the highest DE-71 dietary treatment. The results of this study are consistent with a mechanism of action of PBDEs involving competitive inhibition of binding of thyroid hormones to transporter proteins, although the mechanism cannot be definitively determined from this study. The observed effects may have occurred through other mechanisms, including sublethal toxicity. The doses used in this study are greater than the levels of PBDEs to which anurans are exposed in the environment, so further studies are required to determine whether exposure to PBDEs at environmentally relevant concentrations can affect frog metamorphosis. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.