Reactivity of ZnO surfaces toward maleic anhydride

In this work, the adsorption and temperature induced-decomposition of maleic anhydride (MA, C4H2O3) on the polar Zn-ZnO(0001) and O-ZnO(000 (1) over bar) surfaces and on the nonpolar ZnO(10 (1) over bar0) surface of zinc oxide were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). Despite the fact that molecules such as small hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids are generally reported to show higher reactivities on the Zn-terminated polar surface than on the O-terminated polar surface, we find that the temperature-induced decomposition of MA is essentially the same on both polar surfaces as well as on the mixed-terminated surface. In the case of the O-terminated surface, it was possible to correlate the defect density with the observed reactivity. Hence, regarding MA decomposition, the defect density seems to play a major role for the catalytic activity.