Sediment contamination in floodplains and alluvial terraces as an historical record of gold exploitation in the Carmo River basin, Southeast Quadrilatero Ferrifero, Minas Gerais, Brazil

This paper describes the geochemistry of sediment samples placed in floodplains and alluvial terraces downstream from gold mines in the Carmo River basin, Quadrildtero Ferrifero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The geochemistry signature Na2O, K2O, SiO2, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, Mn, As, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ni, Cr, S, Co were analyzed in different facies from stratigraphic profiles. As, Cu, Zn, and Mn anomalies are mainly associated with the clayed facies deposited in floodplains and oxbow lakes, and with coarse-sediment facies deposited in the channel. The facies were accumulated by the gold exploitation activity in the region. The contamination of As, Cu, and Zn was controlled by minerals such as iron oxides and hydroxides (hematite, magnetite, and mainly goethite), manganese oxides, and sulfide-rich minerals. The As-bearing sediments of the region characterize one of the most As contaminated area of Brazil. Their main source is associated with gold exploration in the last three centuries.