Electrical properties of opal-CT

The electrical properties of opal-CT are validated at temperatures from 600 to 840 degrees C and frequencies from 5 Hz to 10 MHz. The opals are hydrothermal, containing less than 11 270 ppm total of Al, Fe, Ca, Na, and K, and from 1.17 to 17.63 wt% H2O interstitial and structural. Opal-CT shows fine crystallites, measuring from 19.4 to 22.7 mu m, of an ordered tridymite-M stratification with high-cristobalite, embedded in a non-crystalline matrix. When heated to 600 degrees C, the non-crystalline phase devitrifies to the same stacked high-cristobalite-tridymite-M crystals. Opals containing less than 2070 ppm of cationic impurities are characterized by one single high-frequency complex impedance arc corresponding to the bulk polarization of the crystalline phase, of capacitances between 25 and 30 x 10(-12) F and resistances from 132 to 890 ohm. Opals having over 6300 ppm of cationic impurities show two superimposed high- and low-frequency complex impedance arcs. The high-frequency are corresponds to the bulk polarization of the crystalline phase, of capacitance between 8 and 15.7 x 10(-12) F and resistance from 14 to 236 ohm, less than the capacitance of 0.25 to 0.53 x 10(-9) F and resistance from 26 to 360 ohm of the non-crystalline minor intergranular material represented by the low-frequency impedance are. The electric module shows one single vertex, ascribed to the bulk polarization of the crystalline phase. The conductivities are from 10(-7) to 10(-4) ohm(-1) cm(-1), in the range of poor ionic conductors, essentially constant below 1.8 kHz, rapidly increasing at higher frequencies, due to ionic and electronic charge carriers. The activation energy changes between 0.905 and 1.003 eV for the conduction mechanism in the crystalline phase and from 0.924 to 1.087 eV in the non-crystalline phase. X-ray diffraction and impedance spectroscopy confirm that opal-CT is a crystalline stacked sequence of tridymite-M and cristobalite-high, in a noncrystalline matrix.