Alleviating impacts of anthropogenic activities by traditional conservation measures: can a small reef reserve be sustainedly managed?

被引:21
作者
Epstein, N
Vermeij, MJA
Bak, RPM
Rinkevich, B
机构
[1] Natl Inst Oceanog, Israel Oceanog & Limnol Res, IL-31080 Haifa, Israel
[2] Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1090 GT Amsterdam, Netherlands
[3] Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands
[4] Caribbean Inst Management & Res Biodivers, Willemstad, Neth Antilles
关键词
corals; eilat; gardening; human impact; marine protected areas; restoration; Stylophora pistillata;
D O I
10.1016/j.biocon.2004.05.001
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
Zoning schemes that are becoming an important management tool in large marine reserves, are difficult to implement in small reef areas. At the 3.4 km long reef of Eilat (Red Sea), a small (ca. 350 m of coastline) enclosure strategy has been enforced since 1992, while the remaining reef was left open to intense human activities. Here we have investigated for 2.5 y three populations of the branching coral Stylophora pistillata (3605 colonies) in a locality within the enclosed area (site NR) and in two areas open to the public, by tossing random quadrats at the shallow lagoonar zone (0.5-1.5 m depth). In the two open sites we found significantly higher levels of colony breakage (14-34% vs. 4-9% in the enclosed site), lower partial mortality levels of colonies (in the first 1.5 y; 7-9% vs. 23-30% at NR), higher recruitment (up to 3.0 vs. up to 0.9 colonies/m 2), 50% reduction in coral life span (10 vs. 20 y) and an estimated extinction period of 9-10 y for new cohorts as compared to >20 y in the enclosed site. Average colony size and maximal colony size were about half in the open sites. Live coverage fluctuated widely in all sites but was 3 times higher in the enclosed area (1.0-3.0% vs. 0.3-1.1%). Log-transformed size frequency distributions revealed, at the open sites, a shift from small towards medium-size classes and at the enclosed site, a shift from larger to medium size classes. We conclude that the enclosure of a limited core zone, although improved some ecological parameters, was not sufficient to compensate for stress imposed by anthropogenic activities. It is suggested to employ active restoration approaches, such as the "gardening concept", as supplementary management tools. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:243 / 255
页数:13
相关论文
共 81 条
[1]   Comparison of the development of coral and fish communities on rock-aggregated artificial reefs in Eilat, Red Sea [J].
Abelson, A ;
Shlesinger, Y .
ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE, 2002, 59 :S122-S126
[2]  
Allison GW, 1998, ECOL APPL, V8, pS79, DOI 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)8[S79:MRANBN]2.0.CO
[3]  
2
[4]   Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands [J].
Allison, WR .
CORAL REEFS, 1996, 15 (04) :215-218
[5]  
[Anonymous], 1992, GUIDELINES ESTABLISH
[6]   COMPARATIVE DEMOGRAPHY OF 3 SPECIES OF SCLERACTINIAN CORALS USING AGE-DEPENDENT AND SIZE-DEPENDENT CLASSIFICATIONS [J].
BABCOCK, RC .
ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 1991, 61 (03) :225-244
[7]  
Bak RPM, 1999, AM ZOOL, V39, P56
[8]   Coral population structure: the hidden information of colony size-frequency distributions [J].
Bak, RPM ;
Meesters, EH .
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, 1998, 162 :301-306
[9]  
BARR BW, 1998, TAKING LOOK CALIFORN, P62
[10]   Survival, growth and gonad development of two hermatypic corals subjected to in situ fish-farm nutrient enrichment [J].
Bongiorni, L ;
Shafir, S ;
Angel, D ;
Rinkevich, B .
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, 2003, 253 :137-144