Wellbore Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer During Transient Testing

This paper presents a comprehensive wellbore/reservoir simulator to study pressure-transient behavior during two-phase flow in a vertical or deviated wellbore. We adapted a hybrid approach by modeling the wellbore numerically in which mass, momentum, and energy of the fluids are conserved, while treating the reservoir fluid flow analytically. Conductive heat transport occurs through the tubulars, cement sheaths, and formation. Both conductive and convective heat transport mechanisms are operative for the annular fluid, however. For an offshore well, convective heat transfer through seawater and air are also considered. The simulator can be run in two modes. In forward simulation, transient pressure and temperature can be computed at any point in the wellbore, given the reservoir and completion parameters. Conversely, in a reverse simulation, bottomhole pressures (BHP's) can be computed given the pressure and temperature measurements at any other point in the borehole, including at the wellhead. However, the quality of reverse simulation derived solution is likely to suffer with increasing gas/oil ratio (GOR). Field data were used to show both features of the simulator. Computational results show that the effect of heat loss through seawater is marginal for most offshore wells with a short submerged section (<500 ft) because of the fluids' short residence time. However, for wells with long submerged tubulars (>2,000 ft), heat loss to the seawater becomes significant. Similarly, a deviated well loses more heat to the formation than its vertical counterpart because of increased residence time. Among major variables, thermal conductivity of the annular fluid plays a key role in heat retention and, therefore, in the wellhead temperature (WHT).