Quantitative kinetic model for photoassembly of the photosynthetic water oxidase from its inorganic constituents: Requirements for manganese and calcium in the kinetically resolved steps

The process of photoactivation, the assembly of a functional water-oxidizing complex (WOC) from the apoproteins of photosystem Il of higher plants and inorganic cofactors (Mn2+, Ca2+, and Cl-), was known from earlier works to he a two-step kinetic process, requiring two light-induced processes separated by a slower dark period. However, these steps had not been directly resolved in any kinetic experiment, until development of an ultrasensitive polarographic O-2 electrode and synthesis of an improved chelator for cofactor removal allowed direct kinetic resolution of the first pre-steady state intermediate [Ananyev, G. M. & Dismukes, G. C. (1996a) Biochemistry 35, 4102-4109]. Herein, the dependence of the rates of each of the first two light steps and the dark step of photoactivation was directly determined In spinach PSII membranes over a range of calcium and manganese concentrations at least IO-fold lower than those possible using commercial O-2 electrodes, The following results were obtained. (1) One Mn2+ ion binds and is photooxidized to Mn3+ at a high-affinity site, forming the first light-induced intermediate, IM1. Formation of IM1 is coupled to the dissociation of a bound Ca2+ ion either located in the Mn site or coupled to it. (2) The inhibition constant for Ca2+ dissociation from this site is equal to 1.5 mM. (3) The dissociation constant of Mn2+ at this high-affinity site is equal to 8 mu M at the optimum calcium concentration for O-2-evolving activity of 8 mM, in agreement with the high-affinity site for electron donation to PSII. (4) Prior to the next photolytic step, one Ca2+ ion must bind at its effector site so that stable photooxidation of a second Mn2+ ion can occur, forming the second light-induced intermediate, IM2. This dark process is the rate-determining step, (5) The Michaelis constant for recovery of O-2 evolution by Ca2+ binding at this effector site (K-m) is equal to 1.4 mM, a value that is the same as that measured for the calcium requirement for O-2 evolution in intact PSII. (6) The low quantum yield for the formation of IM2 from IM1 increases linearly with the duration of the dark period up to the longest period we could examine (10 s). Accordingly, the rate limitation in the second photolytic step originates from a slow calcium-induced dark rearrangement of the first intermediate, IM1, which we propose to be a protein conformational change that allows stable binding of the next Mn2+ ion. We further propose that the single Ca2+ ion which is required for assembly of the Mn-4 cluster is equivalent to the Ca2+ ion which functions at the ''gatekeeper'' site in intact O-2-evolving centers, where it plays a role in limiting substrate access to the Mn,(4) cluster [Sivaraja, M., et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 9459-9464; Tso, J., et al,, (1991) Biochemistry 30, 4734-4739]. A molecular model for photoactivation is proposed and discussed.