Distribution of assimilated carbon in plants and rhizosphere soil of basket willow (Salix viminalis L.)

Willow is often used in bio-energy plantations for its potential to function as a renewable energy source, but knowledge about its effect on soil carbon dynamics is limited. Therefore, we investigated the temporal variation in carbon dynamics in willow, focusing on below-ground allocation and sequestration to soil carbon pools. Basket willow plants (Salix viminalis L.) in their second year of growth were grown in pots in a greenhouse. At five times during the plants growth, namely 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months after breaking winter dormancy, a subset of the plants were continuously labelled with (CO2)-C-14 in an ESPAS growth chamber for 28 days. After the labelling, the plants were harvested and separated into leaves, first and second year stems and roots. The soil was analysed for total C and C-14 content as well as soil microbial biomass. Immediately after breaking dormancy, carbon stored in the first year stems was relocated to developing roots and leaves. Almost half the newly assimilated C was used for leaf development the first month of growth, dropping to below 15% in the older plants. Within the second month of growth, secondary growth of the stem became the largest carbon sink in the system, and remained so for the older age classes. Between 31 and 41% of the recovered C-14 was allocated to below-ground pools. While the fraction of assimilated C-14 in roots and root+soil respiration did not vary with plant age, the amount allocated to soil and soil microbial biomass increased in the older plants, indicating an increasing rhizodeposition. The total amount of soil microbial biomass was 30% larger in the oldest age class than in an unplanted control soil. The results demonstrate a close linkage between photosynthesis and below-ground carbon dynamics. Up to 13% of the microbial biomass consisted of carbon assimilated by the willows within the past 4 weeks, up to 11% of the recovered C-14 was found as soil organic matter.