Pituitary tumours: findings from whole genome analyses

Pituitary tumours are common intracranial neoplasms that cause significant morbidity through mass effects and/or the inappropriate secretion of pituitary hormones. Despite a considerable literature detailing potential pathogenic changes in these tumours, their aetiology remains largely unresolved. Recent studies have employed genome-wide profiling towards the identification of novel genes and pathways that are inappropriately expressed or regulated in this tumour type. The techniques employed vary in their complexity and interpretation; however, many of the findings from these types of studies have identified novel genes with potential and, in some cases, proven roles in pituitary tumorigenesis. These studies include comparative genomic hybridization, whole genome-wide allelotyping and methodologies for identification of novel genes associated with epigenetic silencing. In addition, differential display methodologies have been instrumental in the identification of transcripts inappropriately expressed including, pituitary tumour transforming gene, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD)45 gamma and a maternal expressed gene 3 isoform, which in some cases have proven roles in pituitary tumorigenesis. Although few studies of whole genome transcript analysis, as determined by microarray or gene-chip, technologies, are reported, these studies of human pituitary, in some cases combined with proteomics, are yielding useful data. In addition, these types of investigation have been applied to several animal models of pituitary tumorigenesis, and in these cases novel genes are highlighted as showing significant change. The identification of the initiating events responsible for the transformation of a normal pituitary cell into one with unrestrained proliferative capacity has so far eluded us. No doubt, these new technologies allowing an essentially unbiased genome-wide analysis, perhaps in combination with animal models that display a preceding hyperplasia, will allow us to identify genes critical to tumour evolution and progression.