Superoxide-related signaling cascade mediates nuclear factor-κB activation in acute inflammation

The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in the induction of genes involved in physiological processes, as well as in the response to inflammation. In this study, we used a selective nonpeptidyl superoxide dismutase mimetic, M40403, to investigate the role of superoxide anion in NF-kappaB activation during acute inflammation in mice. Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity of mice induced an acute inflammatory response characterized by fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity that contained a large number of neutrophils, as well as an increased production of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1beta . All parameters of inflammation were attenuated by M40403 (10 mg/kg i.p., 30 min prior to carrageenan administration). These inflammatory events were associated with the activation of NF-kappaB in the lung. In particular, the appearance of inhibitory protein kappaB-alpha (IKB-alpha) in homogenates of lung tissues was investigated by immunoblot analysis at 4 h after carrageenan administration. IkappaB-alpha levels were substantially reduced in the lung tissue from carrageenan-treated mice in comparison with sham-treated mice. Furthermore, to detect NF-kappaB/DNA binding activity, whole extracts from lung tissue of each mouse were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. The DNA binding activity significantly increased in whole extracts obtained from lung tissues of vehicle-treated mice 4 h after carrageenan administration. Treatment of mice with M40403 caused a significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced IkappaB-alpha degradation and NF-kappaB/DNA binding activity. These data confirm that M40403 exerts a potent antiinflammatory activity and clearly demonstrate that the reduction of the inflammatory process is associated with modification of the activation of signal transduction pathways.