Pulsed charge model of fault behavior producing seismic electric signals (SES)

The electromagnetic (EM) behavior of a geological fault is postulated to follow the mathematical model of a fault in seismology that illustrates seismic EM anomalies (EMAs). Charge densities, +q and -q in C/m(2) are generated at a fault zone by the change in seismic stress, sigma as dq/dt = -alpha d sigma/dt - q/epsilon rho, where sigma,epsilon and rho are the charge generation constants measured in C/N, dielectric constant and resistivity of bedrocks, respectively. A fault of length, 2a, plane area, A and the displacement or rupture time, tau gives pulsed charge densities, +g(t) and -q(t), or a dipole moment of P(t) = 2aAq(t) = alpha M-0[epsilon rho/(tau-epsilon rho)][exp(-t/tau) - exp(-t/epsilon rho)] using the earthquake moment M-0. Maxwell's equations for this dipole in a conductive earth give power spectra of EM waves at different distances. Seismic electric signals (SES) including the DC VAN method can be explained as EM waves. Electrons with density n in the atmosphere are accelerated by the electric field and travel a distance l, resulting in the excitation and ionization of atmospheric molecules leading to earthquake lightning (EQL). They also polarize the ionosphere by disturbing the transmission of EM waves. Preliminary results of pulsed electric field measurements are presented for lightning, prior to an earthquake and artificial electronic noises. The same pulsed field surprised eels and hamsters, suggesting seismic anomalous animal behavior (SAAB) as electro-physiological responses to the stimuli of electric pulses.